Brain Tumor Treatment in India - Best Cancer Hospital in India

Brain Tumor Treatment in India

• Brain Suite - Intra-operative MR Navigation Microsurgery
• Trans-Nasal Endoscopic Removal of brain Tumor through the nose
• Stereotactic Radiosurgery - Gamma Knife & Novalis TX
• Tumor Embolization using Neuro Interventional Radiology

1. Brain Suite - Intra-operative MR Navigation Microsurgery

It is the most advanced Neuro-Surgical Operating Room with high field MR. This system permits the neurosurgeon to have an MRI study on the patient during surgery, and if tumour has remained which was hidden to the human eye, can be detected by special MRI sequences, and can be targeted using neuro navigation (which works on the same principle as the GPS system).

The Brain Suite has two main parts. There is a high-intensity MRI scanner integrated with an image-guided surgical system. The MRI scanner has a wide-bore opening allowing a patient to lie on his or her side. Previously, tumours that could only be accessed from the side of the skull were not easy to scan. This special MRI system lets doctors repeat scans during the operation to get more accurate information on the location, shape and size of the tumour. This minimizes problems associated with brain tumors shifting during excision.

2. Trans-Nasal Endoscopic Removal of Brain Tumor through the nose

The endoscopic trans-nasal approach is performed through the nostrils. A natural passage way exists at the backend of the nose leading into the sphenoid sinus( an air filled cavity in the depths of the skull) , which can be enlarged so that the endoscope so that the endoscope and instruments can pass into this air filled cavity.

From this region the sella turcica is easily accessed, which is the location of pituitary gland. Neurosurgeons use this route normally to remove the tumor from pituitray ( the master gland).

3. Stereotactic Radiosurgery:

Stereotactic radiosurgery has offered a new ray of hope to the patients who cannot undergo traditional surgery either because of their frail health or because the tumor is located in an area which s too risky to access.

• Gamma Knife- Gamma knife is the most used radiosurgery to treat brain tumors. Gamma knife uses multiple beam of radiation to create a highly focused target for delivering the radiation treatment that aims to kill the tumour cells of small areas. Every single beam is not that powerful, but the point where they converge at the site of the brain tumour, these emit large and powerful dose of radiation that kills the target cells. Gamma knife is the most advanced technology and is very precise in targeting tumor cells. The technology is now worldwide used as the choice of treatment for certain brain tumors, AVMs, and Trigeminal neuralgia.

4. Tumor Embolization using Neuro Interventional Radiology

Neurointerventional radiology focuses on diagnosis and treatment of abnormalities of the nervous system, spine, head and neck. This rapidly advancing specialty provides imaging of and minimally invasive treatment for conditions, such as aneurysm or stroke, which previously may have required major surgery. Tumor embolization is used to close off the vessels supplying blood to a tumor, especially when the tumor is difficult or impossible to remove.

Lung cancer facts - Lung Cancer Treatment in India

 Lung cancer

Lung cancer is a common form of cancer. It is the chief cause of cancer deaths for both men and women, although the rate of lung cancer is declining significantly for men. more than 163,000 people die from lung cancers each year.

Lung cancer is considered to be the most tragic type of cancer because, in most cases, it could have been prevented. Smoking tobacco is responsible for 87 percent of lung cancers. The risk of dying from lung cancer is 22 times higher for men who smoke and 12 times higher for women who smoke than it is for people who never smoked.

Lung cancer is cancer of the lungs. Like other parts of the body, the lungs are made up of many types of cells. Cells divide in an orderly, controlled way to produce more cells when more cells are needed in the body. When cells divide in an abnormal, uncontrolled way, they can form either a benign or malignant tumor:

• Benign tumors are not cancerous. They are rarely life-threatening.
• Malignant tumors are cancerous. Cancer cells can spread to nearby healthy cells and destroy them. The cancerous cells can also invade other parts of the body. Cancerous cells in the lungs can spread to the lymph glands, which are located nearby. The cancer can also spread to other parts of the body.

Lung cancers can be divided into two main types: small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. The cancer cells of each type grow and spread in different ways, and they are treated differently.

Non-small cell lung cancer

Most lung cancers are non-small cell. There are three main types of non-small cell lung cancer: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma.

• For men, squamous cell carcinoma is the most common kind of lung cancer. It does not spread as quickly as other types, and it usually starts in the bronchi.
• For women and for nonsmokers, the most common type of lung cancer is adenocarcinoma. It usually starts around the outer edges of the lungs and under the lining of the bronchi.
• A group of cancers with large, abnormal cells -- large cell carcinomas -- also usually begins around the outer edges of the lungs.  

Small cell lung cancer

About 15 to 20 percent of the newly diagnosed lung cancer cases are small-cell carcinomas -- a type of lung cancer in which the cells are small and round. It is also sometimes called "oat cell" lung cancer. This type of cancer grows rapidly and quickly spreads to other organs.

The treatments for lung cancer depend on the stage of the cancer, personal characteristics, health status, type of the cancer and age. A number of therapies are provided to a patient as there is no single treatment available for lung cancer. Radiation, surgery and chemotherapy are considered as the major lung cancer treatment.

• Surgery : One of the oldest methods for treating lung cancer is surgery. The surgical removal of the tumor and surrounding lymph nodes is done if there is I or II stage cancer that has not metastasized. Palliative or curative are the two types of lung cancer surgeries. Palliative surgery may not remove cancer but can remove an open airway or obstruction that was making the patient uncomfortable. Curative surgery removes all types of cancerous tissue in those patients who are in early stage lung cancer.

• Chemoembolization:Strong chemicals are used in chemotherapy that interferes with cell division process and damages DNA or proteins. The aim of these treatments is to rapidly divide the cells. The normal cells can be recovered from any chemical-induced damage whereas cancer cells cannot be recovered. The medicines in chemotherapy travel in a systematic way by passing from the complete body and destroying the original tumor cells that have spread in the whole body. Usually many therapies are combined that also includes many types of chemotherapy.

• Radiation Therapy :Radiation therapy may be employed as a treatment for both NSCLC and SCLC. Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill dividing cancer cells. Radiation therapy may be given as curative therapy, palliative therapy (using lower doses of radiation than with curative therapy), or as adjuvant therapy in combination with surgery or chemotherapy. Radiation therapy generally only shrinks a tumor or limits its growth when given as a sole therapy, yet in 10%-15% of people it leads to long-term remission and palliation of the cancer. Combining radiation therapy with chemotherapy can further prolong survival when chemotherapy is administered. External radiation therapy can generally be carried out on an outpatient basis, while internal radiation therapy requires a brief hospitalization.

• Targeted Therapy :Targeted therapy drugs more specifically target cancer cells, resulting in less damage to normal cells than general chemotherapeutic agents. Erlotinib and gefitinib target a protein called the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) that is important in promoting the division of cells. This protein is found at abnormally high levels on the surface of some types of cancer cells, including many cases of non-small cell lung cancer.

Ovarian Cancer Treatment in India - Best Cancer Hospital India

Ovarian Cancer  Treatment in India 

It is one of the most common cancers in women after breast and cervix cancer. It is called a 'silent killer' as it is asymptomatic in early stages and 75 per cent of cases are diagnosed in the advanced stage. A woman's lifetime risk of dying from ovarian cancer is 1.1 percent.

What constitutes ovarian cancer?

It largely means tumours of epithelial origin, but it can also arise from other elements namely germ cells and stroma. Epithelial ovarian cancers typically occur in postmenopausal women and are in advanced stage at the time of diagnosis, whereas germ cell tumours occur at a young age, are detected in the early stages and are completely curable.

Who are at risk?

The majority of women with ovarian cancer have no known risk factors. Early menarche, late menopause, being over the age of 30 at first childbirth, and nulliparity are said to increase the risk.

What are the protective factors?

Childbirth, breast-feeding, oral contraceptives, tubal ligation, bilateral removal of ovaries (bilateral oophorectomy), and hysterectomy.

What are the symptoms?

Symptoms are non-specific like pelvic pain, back pain, abdominal discomfort, bloating, early satiety, vaginal bleeding, and frequent urination. Ovarian masses are sometimes detected on pelvic examination.

How is it diagnosed?

Transvaginal Ultrasound (TVU) is an important diagnostic tool in evaluation

of patients with pelvic mass. Computed Tomography (CT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan) help in defining the extent of the disease. MRI is sometimes helpful. Tumour markers like CA 125 are adjunct to imaging and useful in follow up.

Are all ovarian masses cancers?

All masses in the ovary are not cancers. TVU helps distinguish benign from malignant ovarian cysts. Complex cysts, defined as cysts with both solid and cystic components, septations and echogenicity, are malignant and require exploration. In contrast simple cysts that are thin walled, less than 5-10 cm and without septations are usually benign.

Can we detect  early?

Screening for ovarian cancer has not been successful as natural history of ovarian cancer is not well understood. There is no well-defined precursor lesion and the length of time from localised tumour to dissemination is unknown. Multiple efforts are underway to develop effective screening methods. Pelvic examination, CA 125, and TVU with Doppler are studied as screening methods in high-risk individuals.

Is ovarian cancer genetic?

Around 5-10 per cent of patients carry germline mutation. Breast-ovarian cancer syndrome accounts for approximately 90 per cent of hereditary ovarian cancer and is suspected whenever there are multiple affected family members with , bilateral or early onset breast cancer, both breast and ovarian cancer in the same individual, or a male relative with breast cancer.

What are the treatment of Ovarian Cancer modalities?

Ovarian Cancer Treatment depends on the age, stage, tumour type and the desire to preserve fertility. Surgery and chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment.

What complications can I expect after chemotherapy?

The most common early complications are loss of hair, nausea and vomiting. There can be reactions during infusion of chemotherapy, which are prevented with good premedication. Late complications include tingling and numbness in fingers and toes.

How do I prevent?

Chemoprevention is by oral contraceptives. Surgical prevention is by bilateral oophorectomy, tubal ligation and hysterectomy. Risk-reducing bilateral  oophorectomy is strongly recommended in women who carry germline mutation for hereditary ovarian cancer, because of high mortality of ovarian cancer and lack of effective screening and preventive approaches. Fortunately, risk of ovarian cancer does not rise dramatically until the late 30s in women with germline mutation, so women have the opportunity to complete their family prior to surgery. Since ovarian cancer is one of the common cancers in women and there are no effective population screening methods, high index of suspicion is necessary for early diagnosis. With the new trends in chemotherapy, survival is increasing in ovarian cancer patients and awareness is necessary among the public for seeking early medical attention.

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Brain Tumour Surgery and Treatment in India - Best Cancer Hospital India

What are brain tumours?

A brain tumour is an abnormal growth of cells within the brain. It arises from glial cells of the brain, lymphatic tissues, nerves and meninges. Benign brain tumours grow slowly but they can compress adjacent parts of the brain. Malignant tumours grow rapidly and they invade adjacent structures of the brain. Brain tumours are graded according to the nature of cell growth. Grade I and II tumours are grouped as low-grade, whereas grade III and IV are grouped as high-grade tumours. Prognosis

is better in low-grade or benign tumours.

The following types of brain tumours are seen commonly:

In children: Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma, craniopharyngioma, medulloblastoma,

brainstem glioma and germ cell tumours.

In adults: Astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, meningioma, vestibular

schwannoma and lymphoma. Cancers from other parts of the body can also spread to brain.

What are the common symptoms of brain tumours?

* Headaches, usually in the morning

* Vomiting

* Convulsions or seizures

* Weakness in limbs

* Loss of balance while walking

* Altered speech or vision

* Altered behaviour

* Loss of orientation

* Memory lapses

How are brain tumours diagnosed?

* Imaging: CT scan or MRI scan of brain is commonly performed.

* Biopsy: A piece of tumour is removed for examination by open surgery or in stereotactic fashion using rigid frame to fix skull and localizing tumour under guidance of CT scan or MRI.

Howis brain tumours treated?

 Brain tumours are treated by surgery, radiation therapy or chemotherapy, or a combination of these. The choice of treatment depends upon the age of the patient, type of tumour, its location, size and grade.

Surgery: Maximum safe resection of the tumour or at least a biopsy is the standard goal of surgery.

Radiation therapy: Radiation kills tumour cells with high energy X-rays, gamma rays or protons. It is usually started after surgery and given over 5-6 weeks.

Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. It is given orally or through veins. It is given concomitantly with radiation therapy in high-grade tumours. It is also given in recurrent brain tumours after failure of initial treatment.

What are the advances in radiation therapy of brain tumours?

* 3-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy (3D-CRT) and Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT):

CT scan and MRI are used to delineate the tumour and computers are used for radiation planning. Only the tumour and the high-risk region surrounding the tumour is radiated, avoiding radiation to

the normal structures in the brain.

* Stereotactic Radio-surgery (SRS) and Stereotactic Radiotherapy (SRT): Highly precise immobilization and image guidance system is used for treatment of selected brain tumours. High dose of radiation is delivered only to the tumour with very minimal spillage of dose to the rest of the sensitive brain structures. Stereotactic radiotherapy is preferred in children. Stereotactic radio-surgery delivering high-dose of radiation in single or a very few sessions is performed in adults with tumours such as metastatic residual glioma, meningioma and schwannoma. Novalis-Tx and Cyberknife are advanced machines to deliver such high-precision therapy.

* High-definition Rapid Arc: This is the latest software advancement in radiation planning technology. Radiation is delivered in continuous fashion moving the machine head and its small components simultaneously around the patient's head targeting the tumour by infinite small radiation beams. Radiation treatment with such a technique is highly precise and fast. This is preferred in children and elderly patients who cannot lie on treatment couches for long periods.

* Proton beam therapy: Proton therapy avoids spillage of radiation dose to the surrounding brain. It is preferred in children as well as in patients with recurrent tumours who have received radiation therapy earlier.

Brain Tumour Surgery and Treatment in India

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Cyber Knife Radio surgery in India - World’s Most Advanced Technology in India

Cyberknife Radiation Therapy

Cyberknife is the world's first and only robotic radiosurgery system which treats tumours anywhere in the body without any surgery. Though it is called Radiosurgery or Cyberknife- No knife is used for incision and no surgery is performed to treat the tumours. A new hope for patients who have inoperable or surgically complex tumors, or who may be looking for a non-surgical option.Cyberknife radiosurgery is a non –invasive, high-energy radiation treatment that delivers very precise beams of radiation from many angles outside the body. The accuracy of Cyberknife is so precise that radiation can be 'matched' to the shape of small complex tumors, even those located near critical organs. This ability allows Cyberknife to treat many lesions including some considered inoperable or untreatable with surgery.

The CyberKnife Robotic Radiosurgery System treats both cancerous and non-cancerous tumors anywhere in the body, including the prostate, lung, brain, spine, liver, pancreas and kidney.It provides a pain-free, non-surgical treatment to the patients with complex tumours which are un operable or too risky to be operated and to the patients who are looking for an alternative to surgery.

Common Conditions Treatable By CyberKnife Radiosurgery

• Astrocytoma, Glioma, Glioblastoma Multiforme, Oligodendroglioma : - CyberKnife offers superior conformance to tumour shape, which is important especially for recurrence after surgery and conventional radiotherapy. CyberKnife can also irradiate the tumour bed to delay or prevent recurrence.
• Brain metastases : - Radiosurgery may be equal to surgery for single metastases and better for multiple metastases. Advanced imaging allows CyberKnife® to treat those that are widely dispersed.
• Spinal Tumours : - CyberKnife® is regularly used to treat spinal metastases. It may also serve as a treatment for many primary spinal tumours.
• Pituitary Adenoma : - CyberKnife's® staged treatments may help to avoid or minimize the risk of visual loss and other side effects associated with single-session radiosurgery. Its superior conformance minimizes irradiation of normal tissue, including the optic chiasm and hypothalamus.
• Hemangioblastoma : - CyberKnife® non-invasively treats the tumour nodule, usually in one session, even in hard-to-reach areas. This is especially beneficial for Von Hippel Lindau disease patients who can become disabled by multiple surgeries.
• Skull Base Tumours : - The proximity of these tumours to vital nerve and vascular structures makes them surgically problematic.
• Meningioma :- For smaller meningiomas, radiosurgery is an ideally non-invasive therapy. CyberKnife® is especially safe for meningiomas adjacent to critical structures because it can be delivered in fractions.
• Neurofibroma & Schwannoma : - While these tumours' resistance to radiation makes conventional radiotherapy an option only when surgery is not, CyberKnife's® conformance makes it an effective alternative to radiation therapy and surgery for selected patients.
• Acoustic Neuroma : - Studies show that CyberKnife® treatment in stages offers the highest rates ever achieved for hearing and facial-nerve preservation besides effective control of the tumour-growth.
• Intracranial AVMs : - With CyberKnife®, we can treat locations that can't be safely approached with microsurgery or endovascular therapy. Selected AVMs have an 80% chance of disappearing after a single treatment session though it may take some time. CyberKnife® can also be used in conjunction with other therapies to remove remnants.
• Spinal AVMs : - CyberKnife® is the first and the only system to offer radiosurgical treatment of spinal AVMs .It provides the same or even more accuracy and success as for intracranial AVMs

How is Cyberknife different from Radiosurgery Systems?

The Cyberknife Robotic Radiosurgery System is a dedicated radiosurgery device in the world. Radiosurgery with Cyberknife system is not restricted for treating tumors in the neck and head.

• Non-Invasive : This procedure does not need any invasive body or head frames.
• Accurate : The minimal harm is caused to the nearby healthy tissues. High-doses of radiation are delivered with sub-millimeter accuracy.
• Beneficial : This system offers non-invasive and pain-free alternative for many patients especially for those who are diagnosed with surgically complex tumors, inoperable tumors or who are searching for an alternative to surgery.
• Robotic : This system repeatedly detects the tumor or tracks the position of the tumor, the movement of a patient and it also corrects the delivery of the treatment.
• Flexible : The traditional radiation systems just cannot offer versatility and maneuverability that the Cyberknife system offers.

Benefits of Cyberknife Radiosurgery System

Patients across the world have been successfully treated with the CyberKnife System.

• Pain free
• Non-invasive
• No anesthesia required
• Outpatient procedure
• No recovery time
• Immediate return to normal activity
• No invasive head or body frame
• No breath holding during treatment

Nonsurgical Treatments for Liver Cancer in India - Liver Cancer Treatment at World Best Cancer Hospital in India

Liver Cancer Treatment

The liver continuously filters blood that circulates through the body, converting nutrients and drugs absorbed from the digestive tract into ready-to-use chemicals. The liver performs many other important functions, such as removing toxins and other chemical waste products from the blood and readying them for excretion. Because all the blood in the body must pass through it, the liver is unusually accessible to cancer cells traveling in the bloodstream.

What is Liver cancer?

Liver cancer or hepatic cancer is a cancer that originates in the liver. Liver cancers are malignant tumors that grow on the surface or inside the liver.

Types of Liver Cancer

There are two broad categories of liver cancer: Primary and Secondary

Primary Liver Cancer

Primary liver cancer starts in the cells, bile ducts, blood vessels or connective tissue of the liver . There are different types of primary liver cancer that include:

• Hepatoma : This is the most common type. It is sometimes called hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This type of cancer originates from a liver cell (hepatocyte) which becomes cancerous. The bulk of the liver is made up from hepatocytes. A hepatoma most commonly develops as a complication of liver diseases such as cirrhosis or types of hepatitis (liver inflammation).
• Fibrolamellar : This hepatoma is a rare sub-type of hepatoma. It typically develops in a liver that was previously healthy.
• Cholangiocarcinoma : This is uncommon. It develops from cells which line the bile duct.
• Hepatoblastoma : This is a very rare cancer that occurs in some young children.
• Angiosarcoma : This is very rare. It develops from cells of blood vessels within the liver.

Secondary Liver Cancer

Secondary liver cancer is a cancer that first develops elsewhere in the body and then spreads (metastasizes) to the liver. It is sometimes called metastatic cancer.

When a cancer forms in a part of the body, a few cancer cells may break off and find their way into the bloodstream. Because your liver filters your blood, any cancer cells in the bloodstream have a high chance of settling in the liver to form a cancer nodule (metastasis).

People who are most at risk of secondary liver cancer are those with cancers of the large bowel (colon), pancreas, stomach, lung or breast. It is important to know where the cancer started as this will determine the type of cells which are causing the cancer and affect which treatment is best suited for you. Secondary cancer diagnosed in the liver may be a sign of cancer in other organs. Sometimes, secondary cancer is found in the liver and yet, even with thorough medical tests, it’s not possible to find out where the cancer started. This is sometimes known as cancer of unknown primary.

Staging of Liver Cancer

There are a number of different systems that can be used to stage liver cancer. Many liver cancer specialists use combination-staging systems that include features of both the cancer and liver function to stage a person’s condition.

One combination system for staging liver cancer is known as the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system that consists of the following five stages.

• Stage 0 - The tumour is less than 2cm (20mm) in diameter and the person is very well and has normal liver function.
• Stage A - A single tumour has grown but is less than 5cm (50mm) in diameter, or there are three or fewer smaller tumours that are less than 3cm (30mm) in diameter and the person is very well with normal liver function.
• Stage B - There are multiple tumours in the liver, but the person is well and their liver function is unaffected.
• Stage C - Any of the above circumstances, but the person is not so well and their liver function is not so good; or where the cancer has started to spread into the main blood vessel of the liver, into nearby lymph nodes or into other parts of the body.
• Stage D – Where the liver has lost most of its functioning abilities and the person begins to have symptoms of end-stage liver disease, such as a build-up of fluid inside their abdomen.

Diagnosis of Liver Cancer

Physical examination helps in determining symptoms or lumps that may suspect the presence of liver cancer. Some of the other tests that are performed for diagnosing liver cancer include –

• Laparoscopy : A thin tube is used for observing liver and other organs within the abdominal cavity. A laparoscope can also be used along with a biopsy.
• Blood Tests : The blood tests also include liver enzymes and a serum marker test. The measurement of some substances associated to cancer can be done by performing serum marker test. An underlying liver problem is indicated with the help of liver enzymes.
• Angiogram : The injection of a dye is done into an artery that shows tumors and liver tissues.
• Ultrasound : High-frequency sound waves from the body are transmitted by this procedure.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): A computer, large magnet and radio waves are produced in this test that provides clear images of the human body.
• Computed Tomography (CT scan) : This test also provides detailed images of the organs.

Liver Cancer Treatment at World Best Cancer Hospital in India

The treatment options are dictated by the stage of Liver Cancer and the overall condition of the patient. The treatment to be given depends mainly on the size, number, and site of tumors in the liver. Before planning the appropriate treatment the functioning of the Liver is checked as also the spread of the cancer within and outside the liver is to be tested. The Various treatment options available are as follows :

• Surgery : Surgery is the removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue during an operation. It is likely to be the most successful disease-directed treatment, particularly for patients with small tumors (smaller than 5 cm). A surgical oncologist is a doctor who specializes in treating cancer using surgery.
• Liver Transplant : When it is available, a liver transplant may be the best option for some people with small liver cancers. At this time, liver transplants are reserved for those with small tumors (either 1 tumor smaller than 5 cm across or 2 to 3 tumors no larger than 3 cm) that have not invaded nearby blood vessels. In most cases, transplant is used for tumors that cannot be totally removed, either because of the location of the tumors or because the liver is too diseased for the patient to withstand removing part of it.
• Radiation therapy : Another potential method of treating liver cancer is radiation therapy . The radiation comes in the form of high energy x-rays that are delivered to the patient only in the areas at highest risk for cancer. These x-rays are similar to those used for diagnostic x-rays, only of a much high energy. The high energy of x-rays in radiation therapy results in damage to the DNA of cells. Because cancer cells are not as good as normal, healthy cell at repairing DNA damage, radiation results in relatively more damage to the cancer cells than to normal cells.consists of a specific number of treatments given over a set period of time.
• External-beam radiation therapy is radiation given from a machine outside the body. External-beam radiation therapy is not often used for HCC.
• Targeted Therapy : Targeted therapy is a treatment that targets the cancer’s specific genes, proteins, or the tissue environment that contributes to cancer growth and survival. This type of treatment blocks the growth and spread of cancer cells while limiting damage to normal cells. Recent studies show that not all tumors have the same targets. To find the most effective treatment, your doctor may run tests to identify the genes, proteins, and other factors in your tumor.

Nonsurgical Treatments for Liver Cancer in India

• Chemoembolization : Before Insertion of the tiny particles that block the blood flow an anticancer drug is injected into the artery. The drug stays in the liver for longer without blood flow, and thus the impact is more.
• Radiofrequency Ablation : For inoperable liver tumors, radiofrequency ablation (RFA) offers a nonsurgical, localized treatment that kills the tumor cells with heat, while sparing the healthy liver tissue. Thus, this treatment is much easier on the patient than systemic therapy.
• Cryosurgery : It is a treatment that uses an instrument to freeze and destroy abnormal tissue, such as cancerous cells. This type of treatment is also called Cryotherapy. The doctor may use ultrasound to guide the instrument.
• Percutaneous Ethanol Injection : Percutaneous ethanol injection is a cancer treatment in which a small needle is used to inject ethanol (alcohol) directly into a tumor to kill cancer cells. The procedure may be done once or twice a week. Usually local anesthesia is used, but if the patient has many tumors in the liver, general anesthesia may be needed.
• Hyperthermia Therapy : Hyperthermia therapy is a type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. Because some cancer cells are more sensitive to heat than normal cells are, the cancer cells die and the tumor shrinks.
• Biologic Therapy : Biologic therapy is a treatment that uses the patient’s immune system to fight cancer. Substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost, direct, or restore the body’s natural defenses against cancer. This type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy.